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Introduction To Linguistics - " Basic Concepts "


What is linguistics and what is its purpose?

Linguistics, is the study of a language. The term "linguistics" (lat. lingua   "tongue, language") means the same thing.




The language is at the heart of our intellectual life. It is both the basis and the practical tool of our thinking, which makes it communicable. It is thus the spiritual bond that binds us to other members of the social communities in which we live. Communication, through the means of expression of language, is the basis and prerequisite of all culture. The achievements of human civilization and culture, from their beginnings to their highest achievements, are unthinkable without the medium of language, which reflects and directs the development of the human mind.

In accordance with the central importance of language, linguistics also occupies a central position in the scientific system. It has a link with all other sciences.

For linguistics - mostly humanities, but also historical and social sciences and last but not least cultural studies - the following three problem areas are of interest:

  • The relationship of the language to reality and the effects of this relationship
  • The difference in language and (in the case of the same language) in ways of speaking
  • The change of language in space, time and depending on external and internal factors

Language is part of the innermost being of human beings and we often treat those who speak a foreign language or use a different way of speaking with confusion. Another use of language is coupled with social value judgments, almost always prejudices. This applies, for example, to the relationship between high-level language and colloquial language and dialect, to the numerous jargons and special languages ​​and the "sociolects", the relationship between formal vs. informal and much more. Prejudices and the associated linguistic discrimination are based on ignorance and a lack of insight into the causes of linguistic differences and the functions that different modes of expression can take on. To have an enlightening effect here is one of the most important tasks that linguistics has to fulfill for society.



Linguistics also refers to the science of (human) language; it deals with language as a means of communication and here is some of its fields :


Phonetics, the study of the sounds of speech:

Phonetics, as part of phonology, examines the factors and components of language; It is an independent interdisciplinary field between linguistics, biology, acoustics, neuroscience, medicine and other sciences. The subject area of phonetics is the spoken language in all its realizations.

Phonology, the study of the sound systems of speech:

Phonology (also: phonemics) as part of phonetics is a sub-area of linguistics. it examines systems of phonemes which is the smallest meaningful element of languages. Phonology deals with the sounds in the system of any language, while phonetics (“speech act phonetics”) deal with the detailed description of these sounds (phones) independently of system considerations.


Morphology, the study of "word building”

Morphology is the part of linguistics that studies the meaning and function of a language , The morphemes (unit of langue) are in different forms, allomorphs. Morphemes are composed of phonemes and in comes from words. The Principles or regularities of the internal structure of words also belong to the field of morphology.


Semantics, the study of the sense and meaning of language

The semantics  is the branch of linguistics (linguistics),it  deals with meaning linguistic signs. All expressions that have a phonetic sign count as linguistic signs or associate written (or other) . All of these units meet the requirements . , however, morphemes and words are the Main subjects of linguistic semantics. 


what is syntax in linguistics ?

Syntax is the study of the sentence structure, and how the structure reacts with other fields of linguistics, such as Semantics, Phonology, and Morphology. The Department of Linguistics focuses on syntax from both experimental and computational, and within a wide range of Syntax studies phrase structure, and the rules of its grammatical components.


Conclusion

Linguistics focuses in the systematic structure of the languages in addition to the features of it in general. It contains not only the study of the sound, grammar and meaning, but also the history of the family of the language. Linguistics has a near relation to the humanities, social sciences and the natural sciences, linguistics complements a tremendous range of other fields such as anthropology, philosophy, psychology, sociology, biology, computer science.

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